Introduction, historical background Institutions, budget Decision-making Who should be in charge of what? Principle of subsidarity, Brexit as a result of ’taking back control'. Is the EU-level decision-making efficient and legitimate? Scale of exclusive to shared to national competences. Exclusive: monetary policy, customs union, common commercial policy. The Council adopts legislation by qualified majority voting (based on Lisbon Treaty). This acheives balance between the union of staets and union of peoples to have democratic legitimacy in the EU’s decision-making process....

Here is my list of completed courses, along with my relevant works and final grades. Course Timespan Relevant works Final grade Managing Innovation in Organisations Fall 2023 Submitted paper Passed Digital Technologies and Data-Driven Business Fall 2023 Submitted sections Passed Regulation and Governance of Digital Business Fall 2023 Submitted sections Passed Business Data Analytics, Quantitative Methods and Visualisation Spring 2024 Submitted paper 1 A Economics in the Digital Age Spring 2024 Exam solutions A Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Spring 2024 Submitted paper C2 Financial Accounting and Reporting and its Digital Context Fall 2024 Exam solutions A Corporate Finance Fall 2024 Exam solutions A Globalisation, Outsourcing and Virtual Organising Fall 2024 Submitted paper 3, syllabus recap note 4 A Digital Organisation Fall 2024 Submitted paper B Information Management in Organizations Spring 2025 B Technology and Societal Transformations Spring 2025 Submitted paper , Course readings D5 Knowledge, Leadership, and Change Management Spring 2025 Submitted paper B Business Models and Value Chains in the Digital Economy Spring 2025 Submitted paper , Course readings D6 The Economics of the Euro Fall 2025 Exam solutions International Economics Fall 2025 US Business, Politics, and the World Economy Fall 2025 International Political Economy Fall 2025 Feedback: Great paper....

Introduction Jacobides (2019)’s ecosystem economy Jacobides suggests 5 questions to consider to make use of ecosystem economy. These are Can you help other firms create value? What should be the terms? Dimensions of access and attachment. What role should you play? Can your organization adapt? How many ecosystem should you manage? Importance of ecosystems is due to rollback of regulations, technology revolutionizing and convergence of products and services. Chapters 1 & 4 of Parker et al....

Digitalization and datafication: managerial, commercial and societal consequences Implications from the texts include Zuboff’s managerial advice on embracing data intellective skill and teaching employees and setting vision of informating from use of information technology. Commercial aspect of these trends includes desires to automate, datafy and algorithmically govern. Societal consequences contain critique on algorithmic governance privacy, bias, opacity and human-life datafication. Zuboff (1985)’s Automate/Informate Zuboff in her paper considers that strategy with information technology has been mostly automative in nature....

Problem You are given degree sequence $A$, determine the number of possible caterpillars. We say that the graphs are different if they are not isomorphic. Solution Let us prove first prove the following fact: the degree sequence $A = (a_1,\ldots, a_n)$ can form a tree if and only if the sum of degree sequence is equal to $2\cdot (n - 1)$ and that $\forall i:\, a_i > 0$. The only if direction is true by the definition of tree....

Here is the list of few probabilistic results. Markov’s inequality If $X$ is a nonnegative random variable and $a>0$, then the probabilty that $X$ is at least $a$ is at most the expectation of $X$ divided by $a$: $$P(X\geq a) \leq \frac{E(X)}{a}.$$ Proof $$\begin{aligned} E(X) &= \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x)xdx = \int_0^\infty f(x)xdx\\ &= \int_0^a f(x)xdx + \int_a^\infty f(x)xdx\\ &\geq \int_a^\infty f(x)xdx \\ &\geq \int_a^\infty f(x)dx \\ &=a\int_a^\infty f(x)dx \\ &= aP(X\geq a), \end{aligned}$$ which, as you can see, is quite weak bound and proof itself is quite a troll....

LeetCode’s Sort an Array problem was a push for me to really understand different sorting algorithms. So I decided to implement few sorting algorithms. Bubble sort Bubble sort is considered as the simplest sorting algorithm out there. The idea is to scan through an array and swap consecutive elements if they are in word ordered until the array gets sorted. In Java, we have int[] bubbleSort(int[] a){ int n = a....

The expected value, $\mathbb E[x]$, is the weighted average of possible values of a random variable, with weights given by their respective theoretical probabilities. The variance, $\mathbb D[X]$ (or $\sigma^2,\text{Var}(X)$), is the expectation of the squared deviation of a random variable from its population mean or sample mean. Bernoulli distribution The Bernoulli distribution essentially models a single trial of flipping a weighted coin. It is the probability distribution of a random variable taking on only two values, $1$ and $0$ with complementary probabilities $p$ and $1-p$ respectively....

Suppose we want to generate image of spiral by printing line by line. You are given natural number $n$, where $n$ denotes sidelength of spiral (number of lines). For example, for $n = 11$, program must display following figure on the console: # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Interestingly enough, this is not as simple as it might seem, especially, when you can only use string concatenation (and not use any arrays, lists, etc)....